Basic Chemistry Atom , Ion and Molecul

A. Understanding of particle material
 
The smallest particle of matter is part of a material. Each material contains tiny particles that make up the substance that can be either atoms, ions, and molecules. Until now no one knows the form of the smallest particles of matter, the scientists attempt to develop a variety of models from the data they collect. Each different substances drawn up by the smallest particles are different. For example, the water drawn up by the smallest particles are different from the smallest particles that make up sugar.



B. Atom
 
Around 450 BC the Greek philosopher Leucippus and Democritus declare that all the material compiled by the particles is very small and can not be subdivided are called atoms. Atoms derived from the Greek, namely atomos (a: no and Tomos: split).
In 1808 a chemistry teacher from the UK John Dalton (1766-1844) proposed the idea of ​​atoms known as "Dalton's atomic model" in essence as follows:

   1. Each element consists of the smallest particles that can not be subdivided, called atoms.
   2. All atoms of the same element have the same size and mass. Atoms of different elements have different masses. Thus, many different kinds of atoms equal to the number of elements.
   3. Atoms can not be tampered with. Atoms can not be destroyed or created through chemical reactions.
   4. Through a chemical reaction, the atoms of the reactants will have a new arrangement will daaan mutually bonded to each other by the ratio of certain numbers.
In the images of atoms of different elements were given a different color just to show that the atoms are derived from different elements. Staining is not the color of the atom itself.
In case of a single atom does not have certain properties, such as color, shape, density, electrical conductivity, boiling point, melting point, etc.. New properties that arise when the atoms combine to form large assemblages of atoms in certain ways. Atoms are bonded ways will determine the nature of the substance formed.
The chemists set of elements and compounds in a periodic system of elements, namely a table that contains 118 elements that are in a free state or its compounds in nature and even the elements that exist only in laboratories.
Column in the periodic system element called the class. In every group there is only one class of elements. In one group, the elements will be prepared in accordance with the increase in mass numbers.
Image of the periodic system
Main group elements given additional symbols A faction behind the numbers. Elements in the first main group (IA) called the alkali metal group elements (hydrogen instead of metal so it does not include alkali metal). The second main groups (IIA) alkaline earth metal element. Elements in the seven main groups (VIIa) is called the halogen group elements, and elements in eight main groups (VIIIA) elements called noble gases group.
Each line begins with the periodic system of elements and ends with an alkali metal noble gas elements. The elements that constitute a class of its atomic nature will be rediscovered periodically in each row. Therefore row in the periodic system is called the period. Period number is written with the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7. The first period only the elements hydrogen and helium
In the periodic system, each element is written in the form of the symbol with the atomic number and mass number.
The symbol of the element lithium atoms are Li
Li atomic number elements is 3
Li element mass number is 6



C. Molecule
 
Many of the smallest particle of a substance in nature that is not the atoms, but rather a combination of two or more atoms of the element. Combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements called molecules. If the atoms of the same element molecules called molecular elements. Examples of such elements molecules O2 (oxygen), H2 (hydrogen), N2 (nitrogen), O3 (ozone), and S8 (sulfur). If the molecule is composed of two or more atoms of different elements are called molecular compounds. Examples of CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (oxygen), C12H22O11 (white sugar), C2H5OH (ethanol), and CO (carbon monoxide) is gas that can poison our blood causing death.


D. Ion
 
In the mid-19th century, many research results that show that not all compounds formed from the combination of two or more atoms of the element, but rather by a combination of electrically charged particles called ions. Ion charge once or several times the electron charge, ie the smallest payload called the elementary charge.
Metals form positively charged ions (cations) and non-metal element forming the majority of negatively charged ions (anions).
The atoms in neutral contains positive and negative charges are equal in number. Ion charge can be estimated from the location element in the periodic system.
Ions of alkali metals (IA) always form ions positively charged one, such as lithium ion (Li +), sodium ions (Na +), and potassium ions ((K +). Ions are alkaline earth metals (IIA) has a positive charge two, such as calcium ions (Ca2 +) and magnesium (Mg2 +).
Ions of the halogen group elements (VIIa) is always negatively charged one, namely fluoride ion (F-), chloride ions (Cl-), bromide ion (Br-), and iodide ions (I-). Ions of group VIA forming two negatively charged ions, such as oxygen to form oxides (O2-) or sulfur to form sulfides (S2-). From the VA group, the element nitrogen to form nitride (N3-).
Ions derived from one fruit above elements (monatomic). Ions are also from the combination of two or more atoms of different elements (polyatomic). For example, sulfate ions (SO42-), nitrate ions (NO3-), acetate ion (CH3COO-), ammonium ion (NH4 +), and hydroxyl ions (OH-).
The amount of electric charge in a compound composed of positive and negative ions are neutral. For example NaCl.
Charged ions have a strong electrical attraction. The ions are positively charged (cations) bind to negatively charged ions (anions) through an ionic bond (chemical bonding that occurs due to electrical attraction force) and form ionic compounds (compounds formed due to ionic bonds).
Compound composed of ions do not form molecules, but the crystal lattice. In a crystal lattice, the ions are arranged opposite each other with specific arrangement antarion. The strong bonds between the ions can explain why the salts generally have melting points and high boiling point substances daripadda the smallest particles are molecules.





Questions :

-how the application of the concept of atoms, ions and molecules in everyday life?
-How to split atoms and ions in water?